Rickettsia spp. are obligate intracellular pathogens primarily transmitted by hematophagous arthropods, causing a broad spectrum of zoonotic diseases in humans and domestic animals. Wild mammals and birds function as natural reservoirs, amplifying hosts, and ecological indicators, playing a pivotal role in maintaining and expanding Rickettsia transmission cycles across diverse ecosystems. This review systematically evaluates Scopus-indexed literature to analyze Rickettsia species diversity in wildlife populations, host–vector interaction dynamics, the comparative efficacy of molecular (e.g., qPCR, metagenomics) and serological diagnostic approaches, and their clinical and ecological implications within a One Health framework. Evidence demonstrates that climate change, habitat fragmentation, and unregulated wildlife trade significantly accelerate pathogen circulation and elevate spillover risks to human and livestock communities. Traditional surveillance methods remain largely fragmented and lack real-time data integration. To address these challenges, implementing unified monitoring networks, integrating next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics tools, and fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among veterinary, public health, and conservation sectors are critical. Such strategies will enhance early warning capabilities, support sustainable rickettsiosis management, and mitigate emerging zoonotic threats in rapidly changing environments. This synthesis offers a robust scientific basis for evidence-based policymaking and future ecological research.