Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 02 20 Phylogenetic study of Hepatozoan canis blood parasite in stray dogs of Guilan province Phylogenetic study of Hepatozoan canis blood parasite in stray dogs of Guilan province 121 129 8825 10.22075/jvlr.2024.33946.1106 FA Rasta Malek Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, IRan Zahra Rahimi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Hossein Javanbakht Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, IRan Mahvash Hadavi Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2023 04 29 Reports in the literature indicate that species of Hepatozoon canis blood parasites are common in Iranian dog populations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of H. canis infections and their phylogenetic relationships in dogs from an animal shelter in Guilan province using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis.A total of 20 blood samples were subjected to PCR to amplify a fragment of 562 bp from the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoonspp. The PCR results showed that the Hepatozoon infection rate in the dogs was 10%. (2/20). Sequence analysis revealed that the H. canis found in this study was 100% matched to H. canisin in the NCBI GenBank database, which originated from a dog in Tehran (accession number KX880505) and a golden jackal in Romania (accession number KX712126). In the phylogenetic analysis, these three sequences are grouped in the same clade. This was the first study of dogs from Guilan province using molecular phylogenetic methods. There is a need for more comprehensive studies to determine the infection status in Iran. Reports in the literature indicate that species of Hepatozoon canis blood parasites are common in Iranian dog populations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of H. canis infections and their phylogenetic relationships in dogs from an animal shelter in Guilan province using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis.A total of 20 blood samples were subjected to PCR to amplify a fragment of 562 bp from the 18S rRNA gene of Hepatozoonspp. The PCR results showed that the Hepatozoon infection rate in the dogs was 10%. (2/20). Sequence analysis revealed that the H. canis found in this study was 100% matched to H. canisin in the NCBI GenBank database, which originated from a dog in Tehran (accession number KX880505) and a golden jackal in Romania (accession number KX712126). In the phylogenetic analysis, these three sequences are grouped in the same clade. This was the first study of dogs from Guilan province using molecular phylogenetic methods. There is a need for more comprehensive studies to determine the infection status in Iran.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8825_6524341b411c77cdbd9dbc15f522c7b3.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 02 20 Ectopia cordis sub-sternal in a calf: a case report Ectopia cordis sub-sternal in a calf: a case report 131 141 8447 10.22075/jvlr.2024.30949.1070 FA HamidReza Mohammadi Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Mostafa Abdollahi Tehran University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Resident of Large Animal Internal Medicine 0000-0001-5091-7560 Hasan Seidi Samani Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Berouz Seifalian Private Veterinarian, DVM, Semnan, Iran Morteza Abdollahi Private Veterinarian, DVM, Semnan, Iran Narges Nejabat Laboratory Expert, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Journal Article 2023 06 14 Ectopia cordis is a congenital anomaly. In this disorder, the heart is located completely or partly outside its original location in the chest. This deformity has three cervical, thoracic, and abdominal forms and the neck form is the most common form. Up to now, many factors such as genetic defects, the receipt of chemical products (mercury, cocaine, ethanol), the consumption of teratogenic plants, exposures to radiation, infectious agents (such as BVD virus), and the use of medications (calcium suppressants) have been known factors in Ectopia cordis occurrence. Immediately after birth, a female Holestein was referred to a veterinarian clinic in Semnan City Iran,. During the clinical examination, according to the location of the heart outside the body and under the sternum, ectopia cordis anomaly was detected. Ectopia cordis is a congenital anomaly. In this disorder, the heart is located completely or partly outside its original location in the chest. This deformity has three cervical, thoracic, and abdominal forms and the neck form is the most common form. Up to now, many factors such as genetic defects, the receipt of chemical products (mercury, cocaine, ethanol), the consumption of teratogenic plants, exposures to radiation, infectious agents (such as BVD virus), and the use of medications (calcium suppressants) have been known factors in Ectopia cordis occurrence. Immediately after birth, a female Holestein was referred to a veterinarian clinic in Semnan City Iran,. During the clinical examination, according to the location of the heart outside the body and under the sternum, ectopia cordis anomaly was detected.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8447_67b4e63655366f054314061dadd539a0.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 03 18 Anatomical study of heart and lung in golden jackal Anatomical study of heart and lung in golden jackal 143 152 8843 10.22075/jvlr.2024.34036.1108 FA Mehdi Rashnavadi Assistant Professor Large animal internal medicine. Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of veterinary Sciences , Ilam University – Iran Abdolahe Jafarzade Master of Physiology, Faculty of Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ilam University – Iran Aref Nooraie Faculty of Paraveterinary Medicine, Ilam University - Iran 0009-0006-3710-7671 Journal Article 2023 05 06 The structural anatomy of the heart and lungs is very different in different animal species and this structural difference has made it possible to create different adaptations to living conditions. Meanwhile, there are many structural and functional differences in the heart and lungs in carnivores and on the other hand, not much has been studied in this area, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the anatomical differences in the heart and lungs of the golden jackal. In this study, 3 golden jackal hearts and lungs were fixed in 10% formalin. Anatomical examinations were then performed, including examination of the border and surfaces of the heart, examination of the cardiac groove, internal examination of the ventricles and atria, examination of the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery outlet, and pulmonary lobulation. The results of this study showed that the jackal heart has similarities and differences with the hearts of other carnivores. The main differences were in the interventricular paraconal groove, interventricular- subsinosal grooves and the structures at the outlet of the pulmonary trunk. In the lung, the main difference was the shape and size of the right lung lobe, which was different from other carnivores. The results of this study showed that the structure of the heart and lungs in carnivores, although they have many similarities, but they also have differences, and knowledge of these structural differences can be valuable information for environmental experts, veterinarians, surgeons and Put those involved in wildlife conservation. The structural anatomy of the heart and lungs is very different in different animal species and this structural difference has made it possible to create different adaptations to living conditions. Meanwhile, there are many structural and functional differences in the heart and lungs in carnivores and on the other hand, not much has been studied in this area, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the anatomical differences in the heart and lungs of the golden jackal. In this study, 3 golden jackal hearts and lungs were fixed in 10% formalin. Anatomical examinations were then performed, including examination of the border and surfaces of the heart, examination of the cardiac groove, internal examination of the ventricles and atria, examination of the pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery outlet, and pulmonary lobulation. The results of this study showed that the jackal heart has similarities and differences with the hearts of other carnivores. The main differences were in the interventricular paraconal groove, interventricular- subsinosal grooves and the structures at the outlet of the pulmonary trunk. In the lung, the main difference was the shape and size of the right lung lobe, which was different from other carnivores. The results of this study showed that the structure of the heart and lungs in carnivores, although they have many similarities, but they also have differences, and knowledge of these structural differences can be valuable information for environmental experts, veterinarians, surgeons and Put those involved in wildlife conservation.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8843_3de6a598010e6866124ddfa12d3d35cb.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 03 18 Evaluation of chemical and microbial properties of alcoholic, hydroalcoholic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Spinacia oleracea (Semnan) Evaluation of chemical and microbial properties of alcoholic, hydroalcoholic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of Spinacia oleracea (Semnan) 153 165 8844 10.22075/jvlr.2024.34396.1113 FA Ashkan Jebelli Javan veterinary department,,semnan university Mahnoosh Parsaeimehr Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, 0000-0002-5982-8983 Mohammad Mohammadi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University Journal Article 2023 03 11 Todays, plants have attracted the attention of researchers as natural resources that have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Spinach plant is widely used in various pharmaceutical and food industries. In this research, the effect of different solvents on the amount of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties of various aqueous, alcoholic (ethanolic, methanolic) and hydroalcoholic extracts of spinach plant has been studied. According to the results obtained from the chemical tests, it was found that by changing the type of solvent from polar to non-polar, the extraction rate of phenolic compounds and therefore the antioxidant activity increased significantly (p<0.05).So that the ethanolic extract with the most non-polar property has 98.5 mg/100 grams of gallic acid of phenolic compounds, while the aqueous extract has 50.7 and naturally the same difference in the amount of phenolic compounds, the amount of antioxidant property for the ethanol extract is135±5 micrograms/ml. if it is 2011 ±12micrograms per milliliter for aqueous extract. According to the results, the MIC for the ethanolic extract was 11479 ppm on gram-positive bacteria and 12467 ppm for gram-negative bacteria, and for the aqueous extract, the MIC on gram-positive bacteria was 52380 ppm and for gram-negative bacteria was 64298 ppm.Therefore, in the case of microbial tests, the effect of non-polar extracts was more than that of polar extracts, which confirms that the type of solvent used has a significant effect on the antibacterial properties of different extracts. (p<0.05) In general, according to the results of this research, non-polar solvents cause the extraction of more phenolic compounds, and considering the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of these compounds, alcoholic extracts will have more antioxidant and antibacterial ability. Todays, plants have attracted the attention of researchers as natural resources that have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Spinach plant is widely used in various pharmaceutical and food industries. In this research, the effect of different solvents on the amount of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and antibacterial properties of various aqueous, alcoholic (ethanolic, methanolic) and hydroalcoholic extracts of spinach plant has been studied. According to the results obtained from the chemical tests, it was found that by changing the type of solvent from polar to non-polar, the extraction rate of phenolic compounds and therefore the antioxidant activity increased significantly (p<0.05).So that the ethanolic extract with the most non-polar property has 98.5 mg/100 grams of gallic acid of phenolic compounds, while the aqueous extract has 50.7 and naturally the same difference in the amount of phenolic compounds, the amount of antioxidant property for the ethanol extract is135±5 micrograms/ml. if it is 2011 ±12micrograms per milliliter for aqueous extract. According to the results, the MIC for the ethanolic extract was 11479 ppm on gram-positive bacteria and 12467 ppm for gram-negative bacteria, and for the aqueous extract, the MIC on gram-positive bacteria was 52380 ppm and for gram-negative bacteria was 64298 ppm.Therefore, in the case of microbial tests, the effect of non-polar extracts was more than that of polar extracts, which confirms that the type of solvent used has a significant effect on the antibacterial properties of different extracts. (p<0.05) In general, according to the results of this research, non-polar solvents cause the extraction of more phenolic compounds, and considering the antioxidant and antibacterial effects of these compounds, alcoholic extracts will have more antioxidant and antibacterial ability.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8844_9c449771d0edc923c2713a7462cefa3b.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 02 20 Investigation of the Prevalence Rate of Giardiasis at Livestocks in Khorramabad Investigation of the Prevalence Rate of Giardiasis at Livestocks in Khorramabad 167 179 8942 10.22075/jvlr.2024.33496.1100 FA Reyhaneh Khosravani Department of Veterinary, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran. Seyedeh Ommolbanain Ghasemian Department of Veterinary, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran. 0000-0002-4805-3553 Jafar Hossienzadeh Marzenaki Young researchers and Elite club, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran. Journal Article 2023 04 08 Giardia parasite is one of the most important causes of digestive problems in humans and animals The purpose of this research; The investigation of the current situation was the prevalence of giardiasis in the cattle farms of Khorram Abad city. The present survey was conducted on 200 cows and in 6 cattle farms around the city of Khorram Abad (these six cattle farms were located in Khorram Abad), between May and August of 2022. The stool sample was obtained directly from the rectum using a disposable glove, and after turning the glove over itself and closing it with paper tape, the cow's ear number was written on the tape. Then the samples were taken to the laboratory and kept at the temperature of the refrigerator. In each case, the consistency of feces (watery, loose, normal and hard) and the physical condition of the animal (thin, normal and fat) along with its age and gender were recorded in the relevant forms. Zinc sulfate solution was used for flotation of Giardia cysts. After staining with trichrome kit, the resulting slides were examined using an optical microscope and it was observed that the prevalence of giardia in cows of Khorramabad city was 13.5% and this prevalence is affected by various factors, such as the age, sex, and method of keeping the animal. The level of contamination in males was higher than females, in young population more than old population, and in traditional maintenance method more than industrial type. Therefore, due to the significant prevalence of this protozoa, the application of management and health principles should be considered. Giardia parasite is one of the most important causes of digestive problems in humans and animals The purpose of this research; The investigation of the current situation was the prevalence of giardiasis in the cattle farms of Khorram Abad city. The present survey was conducted on 200 cows and in 6 cattle farms around the city of Khorram Abad (these six cattle farms were located in Khorram Abad), between May and August of 2022. The stool sample was obtained directly from the rectum using a disposable glove, and after turning the glove over itself and closing it with paper tape, the cow's ear number was written on the tape. Then the samples were taken to the laboratory and kept at the temperature of the refrigerator. In each case, the consistency of feces (watery, loose, normal and hard) and the physical condition of the animal (thin, normal and fat) along with its age and gender were recorded in the relevant forms. Zinc sulfate solution was used for flotation of Giardia cysts. After staining with trichrome kit, the resulting slides were examined using an optical microscope and it was observed that the prevalence of giardia in cows of Khorramabad city was 13.5% and this prevalence is affected by various factors, such as the age, sex, and method of keeping the animal. The level of contamination in males was higher than females, in young population more than old population, and in traditional maintenance method more than industrial type. Therefore, due to the significant prevalence of this protozoa, the application of management and health principles should be considered.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8942_3bf75f7173e9ff794fc9c53515defaad.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 03 15 Quantitative and qualitative study of the effect of pomegranate peel extract on kidney scintigraphy of healthy albino rabbits Quantitative and qualitative study of the effect of pomegranate peel extract on kidney scintigraphy of healthy albino rabbits 181 190 8943 10.22075/jvlr.2024.34421.1115 FA Aboozar Deghan Assistant professor, Department of clinical sciences, school of veterinary medicine, Kazerun branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran 0000-0002-7834-5653 Amir Ghazi Behzadi Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Seyedeh Mahshid Mostafavi Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Sima Amir Mahani Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Mohammad Allahtavakkoli Graduated from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Journal Article 2023 04 12 Kidney failure can cause a decrease in GFR and urine levels and an increase in creatinine levels in the patient’s blood. According to the previous content of pomegranate peel extract about kidney biochemical indicators, this extract increases the amount of excreted urea. It decreases blood creatinine levels and causes a slight increase in blood flow, so it is a suitable candidate for increasing kidney efficiency. There are several diagnostic imaging techniques for examining the kidney, and scans can assess the level of GFR. In this study, the effect of pomegranate peel extract injection on kidney function in 6 male albino rabbits was investigated using scanning. As a result of this study, in the scan with the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DTPA, the values ‌‌ of the mentioned parameters in the control group and the extract group were obtained as follows: In the control group, the maximum activity of the left kidney was 254±13.2 and in the right kidney was 287±24.3, and in the extract group: 628±37.1 in the left kidney and 513±39.9 in the right kidney, also the total eGFR index in the control group: 606.4±11.7 And in this index, it was 652±20.1 in all extract groups, and the overall GFR index was 77±3.7 in the control group and 83±5.0 in the extract group. The mentioned information shows the increase of general and specific GFR as well as the maximum efficiency of the kidney. This study has confirmed the ability of pomegranate peel extract to increase the efficiency of the kidney using the mentioned indicators by scintigraphy. Kidney failure can cause a decrease in GFR and urine levels and an increase in creatinine levels in the patient’s blood. According to the previous content of pomegranate peel extract about kidney biochemical indicators, this extract increases the amount of excreted urea. It decreases blood creatinine levels and causes a slight increase in blood flow, so it is a suitable candidate for increasing kidney efficiency. There are several diagnostic imaging techniques for examining the kidney, and scans can assess the level of GFR. In this study, the effect of pomegranate peel extract injection on kidney function in 6 male albino rabbits was investigated using scanning. As a result of this study, in the scan with the radiopharmaceutical 99mTc-DTPA, the values ‌‌ of the mentioned parameters in the control group and the extract group were obtained as follows: In the control group, the maximum activity of the left kidney was 254±13.2 and in the right kidney was 287±24.3, and in the extract group: 628±37.1 in the left kidney and 513±39.9 in the right kidney, also the total eGFR index in the control group: 606.4±11.7 And in this index, it was 652±20.1 in all extract groups, and the overall GFR index was 77±3.7 in the control group and 83±5.0 in the extract group. The mentioned information shows the increase of general and specific GFR as well as the maximum efficiency of the kidney. This study has confirmed the ability of pomegranate peel extract to increase the efficiency of the kidney using the mentioned indicators by scintigraphy.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8943_80c60e6ccca996995b273e51b04d6b9c.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 03 15 Designing an antimicrobial edible film based on calcium pectinate containing essential oil and aqueous extract of red pepper Designing an antimicrobial edible film based on calcium pectinate containing essential oil and aqueous extract of red pepper 191 201 8944 10.22075/jvlr.2024.34506.1117 FA Najmeh REZAEE Department of Food Hygiene and Qualty Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Ira Ali Misaghi Ph.D. student, Department of Food Hygiene, University of Tehran, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran, Iran. Aboulfazl Kamkar Department of Food Hygiene, University of Tehran, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran, Iran. Ashkan Jebellija Semnan 0000-0002-1230-0866 Hesamedin Akbarin Department of Food Hygiene, University of Tehran, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2023 05 21 Edible films have gained significant attention as carriers of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. Essential oils and aqueous extracts of red pepper, known for their antimicrobial properties in food systems, can be incorporated into the matrix of edible films. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of calcium pectinate edible films containing essential oil and aqueous extract of red pepper against four major foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), and Salmonella enteritidis, using the disc diffusion method. Disks with a diameter of 9 mm were prepared from calcium pectinate-based films containing 0.5% and 1% essential oil and 2% aqueous extract of red pepper and placed under sterile conditions on pre-inoculated BHI agar plates. The diameter of the inhibition zones was considered as an indicator of the antimicrobial activity of the films. Statistical analysis was performed using Sigma Plot software. The results demonstrated that the designed films effectively inhibited the tested pathogens. Composites containing red pepper essential oil exhibited a remarkable ability to restrict the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria at both concentrations. However, the film containing only 0.5% essential oil did not form an inhibition zone against Salmonella enteritidis, indicating no inhibitory effect at this concentration. Additionally, the addition of aqueous extract of red pepper further enhanced the antibacterial properties of the essential oil-containing films. These findings suggest that essential oil and aqueous extract of red pepper can be employed as natural preservatives in calcium pectinate edible films for food packaging applications. Edible films have gained significant attention as carriers of antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds. Essential oils and aqueous extracts of red pepper, known for their antimicrobial properties in food systems, can be incorporated into the matrix of edible films. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of calcium pectinate edible films containing essential oil and aqueous extract of red pepper against four major foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli (O157:H7), and Salmonella enteritidis, using the disc diffusion method. Disks with a diameter of 9 mm were prepared from calcium pectinate-based films containing 0.5% and 1% essential oil and 2% aqueous extract of red pepper and placed under sterile conditions on pre-inoculated BHI agar plates. The diameter of the inhibition zones was considered as an indicator of the antimicrobial activity of the films. Statistical analysis was performed using Sigma Plot software. The results demonstrated that the designed films effectively inhibited the tested pathogens. Composites containing red pepper essential oil exhibited a remarkable ability to restrict the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria at both concentrations. However, the film containing only 0.5% essential oil did not form an inhibition zone against Salmonella enteritidis, indicating no inhibitory effect at this concentration. Additionally, the addition of aqueous extract of red pepper further enhanced the antibacterial properties of the essential oil-containing films. These findings suggest that essential oil and aqueous extract of red pepper can be employed as natural preservatives in calcium pectinate edible films for food packaging applications.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8944_c97e7a5153badb6576d8939469f58336.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 03 15 Evaluation of anticonvulsive effect of Thymus vulgaris extract in rat Evaluation of anticonvulsive effect of Thymus vulgaris extract in rat 203 211 8945 10.22075/jvlr.2024.34585.1120 FA Keivan Keramati Department of Basic sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran 0000-0003-3087-8730 Mojtaba Rostamian Dentist,, MSc in animal physiology and neuroscience,, Italy Leila Mohammadnejad Nasrabadi Department of Basic sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran 0000-0001-9526-6001 Journal Article 2023 03 29 Thyme is one of the medicinal plants with various therapeutic properties mentioned in traditional medicine. In this research, male Wistar rats were divided in 4 experimental groups. 3 groups received Thymus vulgaris aqueous extract (1000, 2000 and 4000 microgram per microliter) intracerebroventriculary. Also in control group, normal saline (1microliter) was injected intracerebroventriculary. Then, in order to induce convulsions in all experimental groups, pentylentetrazol (80mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. The results showed that the injection of 1000 microgram extract significantly reduces the depth of seizure compared to the control group and causes significant increase of initiation time of fifth convulsive stage. Also, injection of 2000 microgram extract caused a significant increase of initiation time of third and fourth convulsive stages compared to the control group. On the other hand, the injection of 4000 microgram extract did not show any significant difference compared to the control group. These results show that the aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris has anticonvulsant properties. Thyme is one of the medicinal plants with various therapeutic properties mentioned in traditional medicine. In this research, male Wistar rats were divided in 4 experimental groups. 3 groups received Thymus vulgaris aqueous extract (1000, 2000 and 4000 microgram per microliter) intracerebroventriculary. Also in control group, normal saline (1microliter) was injected intracerebroventriculary. Then, in order to induce convulsions in all experimental groups, pentylentetrazol (80mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. The results showed that the injection of 1000 microgram extract significantly reduces the depth of seizure compared to the control group and causes significant increase of initiation time of fifth convulsive stage. Also, injection of 2000 microgram extract caused a significant increase of initiation time of third and fourth convulsive stages compared to the control group. On the other hand, the injection of 4000 microgram extract did not show any significant difference compared to the control group. These results show that the aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris has anticonvulsant properties.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8945_48e59000d7dfcf6c1d96ce4a603ed738.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 03 18 Malignant Adrenal gland Pheochromocytoma in a 9 -year-old femaleShih tzu dog Malignant Adrenal gland Pheochromocytoma in a 9 -year-old femaleShih tzu dog 213 220 8955 10.22075/jvlr.2024.33143.1091 FA Hamidreza Fattahian Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran- Iran Hasti Azarabad Hamidreza fattahiam pet hosoiral, department of pathology Mohammadreza Salarbehzadi Department of Internal Medicine, Hamidreza Fattahian Small Animal Hospital, Tehran- Iran Mehdi Ghanatpishe Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hamidreza Fattahian Small Animal Hospital, Tehran- Iran Nikta Mansouri Department of surgery, Hamidreza Fattahian Small Animal Hospital, Tehran- Iran Kimia Mansouri Department of surgery, Hamidreza Fattahian Small Animal Hospital, Tehran- Iran Yasin Dibavand Department of Pathology, Hamidreza Fattahian Small Animal Hospital, Tehran- Iran Journal Article 2023 05 01 Pheochromocytomas are tumors of the adrenal medulla that affect chromaffin cells. These tumors are not common in dogs but may occur in older dogs with no specific breed noted. They can be solitary or bilateral, functionally active or inactive, benign or malignant. They are malignant if have long-distance metastasis to other organs such as spleen, lung, regional lymph nodes, bone, and CNS. A 9 -9-year-old spayed female Shih Tzu dog was present at Small Animal Hospital with a history of generalized weakness, anorexia, and depression. In ultrasonography, unilateral enlargement of the left adrenal gland was seen and by surgery, the left adrenal gland was removed.Cytologic evaluation by Giemsa staining showed neoplastic polygonal cells with anisokaryosis. Histopathologic study on tissue specimen revealed a large mass composed of polygonal, uniform vacuolated cells with granular red cytoplasm. Pigmented granules containing hemosiderin and melanin were present in neoplastic cells. According to diagnostic ultrasonographic and pathologic findings, this tumor was diagnosed as pheochromocytoma. This clinical report aims to report the diagnosis and successful treatment of pheochromocytoma tumor by surgical method in a 9-year-old Shih Tzu dog and to describe the pathological features of this rare mass. Pheochromocytomas are tumors of the adrenal medulla that affect chromaffin cells. These tumors are not common in dogs but may occur in older dogs with no specific breed noted. They can be solitary or bilateral, functionally active or inactive, benign or malignant. They are malignant if have long-distance metastasis to other organs such as spleen, lung, regional lymph nodes, bone, and CNS. A 9 -9-year-old spayed female Shih Tzu dog was present at Small Animal Hospital with a history of generalized weakness, anorexia, and depression. In ultrasonography, unilateral enlargement of the left adrenal gland was seen and by surgery, the left adrenal gland was removed.Cytologic evaluation by Giemsa staining showed neoplastic polygonal cells with anisokaryosis. Histopathologic study on tissue specimen revealed a large mass composed of polygonal, uniform vacuolated cells with granular red cytoplasm. Pigmented granules containing hemosiderin and melanin were present in neoplastic cells. According to diagnostic ultrasonographic and pathologic findings, this tumor was diagnosed as pheochromocytoma. This clinical report aims to report the diagnosis and successful treatment of pheochromocytoma tumor by surgical method in a 9-year-old Shih Tzu dog and to describe the pathological features of this rare mass.

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_8955_1c824be2be6ac655657c6bc78527dfd7.pdf

Semnan University Journal of Veterinary Laboratory Research 2821-0506 15 2 2024 03 18 Histopathological investigating of brain lesions caused by Toxoplasma gondii and ketamine-induced schizophrenia in mice after treatment with sulfadiazine-trimethoprim Histopathological investigating of brain lesions caused by Toxoplasma gondii and ketamine-induced schizophrenia in mice after treatment with sulfadiazine-trimethoprim 221 239 9019 10.22075/jvlr.2024.35001.1126 FA Seyedeh Mina I Masoum Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran 0009-0003-1549-4509 Mohammadreza Youssefi Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran 0000-0002-8606-2266 Seyed Shapoor Reza Shojaei Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran 0000-0003-4289-6602 Journal Article 2023 08 12 Toxoplasmosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan named, Toxoplasma gondii, in humans and animals. It is able to create parasitic cysts in various tissues during chronic infection, especially brain tissue. Considering the importance of this disease, which actually causes behavioral changes similar to schizophrenia in humans, this study is compared these two diseases based on histopathological analysis. 60 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (10 mice in each group). Toxoplasmosis group is infected with 10³ tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. The ketamine group is induced schizophrenia by ketamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 14 days. Toxoplasmosis and ketamine group is induced schizophrenia after eight weeks of infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim group is received sulfadiazine and trimethoprim through oral gavage at doses of 100 and 2 mg/kg, respectively, for 14 days, eight weeks after infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis, ketamine, and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim group is infected with Toxoplasma gondii and received ketamine, sulfadiazine, and trimethoprim for 14 days after infection, eight weeks after infection with Toxoplasma gondii. The control group is received normal saline. After euthanizing, the brains were isolated and kept in 10% buffered formalin and transferred to the pathology department. Tissue samples were cut with a thickness of 5 micrometers and stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological observations of the toxoplasmosis group showed the presence of parasite cysts, neuron apoptosis, gliosis, eosinophilic neurons, perivascular cuffs, and tissue necrosis. Gliosis and neurodegenerative changes were seen in the schizophrenic group. In the treated group, there was a decrease in parasitic cysts and inflammatory cells compared to the infected group (P<0.05). The total number of cells including neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the control group has a significant difference (P<0.05) with other groups, while the number of microglia cells between the control group and the toxoplasmosis and toxoplasmosis+ schizophrenia was significant (P<0.05) and between the control and toxoplasmosis treated groups, with schizophrenia was not significant (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between groups 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for the total number of counted cells, neurons and oligodendrocytes (P>0.05). According to astrocytes, there was a significant difference between the toxoplasmosis-schizophrenic groups and the toxoplasmosis group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference between groups 2, 3, 5 and 6 and between groups 2, 4, 5 and 6. Also, the neuron size was not significant in any of the groups (P>0.05). Toxoplasmosis is caused by the intracellular protozoan named, Toxoplasma gondii, in humans and animals. It is able to create parasitic cysts in various tissues during chronic infection, especially brain tissue. Considering the importance of this disease, which actually causes behavioral changes similar to schizophrenia in humans, this study is compared these two diseases based on histopathological analysis. 60 male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 6 groups (10 mice in each group). Toxoplasmosis group is infected with 10³ tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii. The ketamine group is induced schizophrenia by ketamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg for 14 days. Toxoplasmosis and ketamine group is induced schizophrenia after eight weeks of infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim group is received sulfadiazine and trimethoprim through oral gavage at doses of 100 and 2 mg/kg, respectively, for 14 days, eight weeks after infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis, ketamine, and sulfadiazine-trimethoprim group is infected with Toxoplasma gondii and received ketamine, sulfadiazine, and trimethoprim for 14 days after infection, eight weeks after infection with Toxoplasma gondii. The control group is received normal saline. After euthanizing, the brains were isolated and kept in 10% buffered formalin and transferred to the pathology department. Tissue samples were cut with a thickness of 5 micrometers and stained by hematoxylin and eosin. Histopathological observations of the toxoplasmosis group showed the presence of parasite cysts, neuron apoptosis, gliosis, eosinophilic neurons, perivascular cuffs, and tissue necrosis. Gliosis and neurodegenerative changes were seen in the schizophrenic group. In the treated group, there was a decrease in parasitic cysts and inflammatory cells compared to the infected group (P<0.05). The total number of cells including neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the control group has a significant difference (P<0.05) with other groups, while the number of microglia cells between the control group and the toxoplasmosis and toxoplasmosis+ schizophrenia was significant (P<0.05) and between the control and toxoplasmosis treated groups, with schizophrenia was not significant (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between groups 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for the total number of counted cells, neurons and oligodendrocytes (P>0.05). According to astrocytes, there was a significant difference between the toxoplasmosis-schizophrenic groups and the toxoplasmosis group (P<0.05) and there was no significant difference between groups 2, 3, 5 and 6 and between groups 2, 4, 5 and 6. Also, the neuron size was not significant in any of the groups (P>0.05).

https://jvlr.semnan.ac.ir/article_9019_9bccc2a2179ce6e52f17bb831bc4ac1e.pdf